The USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service, in its review of EU apple and pear forecasts, reported that processors' depleted stocks are creating strong competition for processing fruit that would typically pressure fresh apple markets, potentially offsetting concerns about flat production and declining consumption.
EU apple production for 2025 is forecast at 10.5 million tonnes, down just 0.1% from 2024, marking the second-smallest crop in a decade, the USDA report noted, citing World Apple and Pear Association data presented at last month's Prognosfruit conference.
"Market conditions vary throughout the EU, depending on the apple variety and country," USDA analyst Sabine Lieberz wrote from the Berlin post, adding that end-of-marketing-year apple stocks are "significantly lower (-21%) than in the previous season."
The USDA assessment identified multiple structural challenges facing EU fruit producers, including what it characterized as "decreasing availability of plant protection products and lack of alternatives" at a time when new pests and diseases are reaching Europe due to changing climatic conditions.
The report documented sharp inventory drawdowns across major producing regions, with Poland's July 1 stocks down 65% to 25,500 tonnes and Austria's Steiermark region showing a 68% decline to 5,042 tonnes, suggesting tight supplies heading into the new marketing season.
Climate change impact
USDA noted that warmer temperatures caused by climate change are "increasingly impacting EU production," with mild winters leading to earlier blossoming that increases late frost vulnerability.
This year's weather extremes produced dramatic regional variations, from Czech Republic's 197% production surge following last year's frost damage to Hungary's 52% collapse to 160,000 tonnes.
Beyond the EU, lower output from Turkey and Moldova could benefit EU exports due to reduced competition, potentially opening opportunities in Middle Eastern and North African markets. However, it warned that Houthi attacks in the Red Sea "continue to disrupt exports to east Asia."
Regulatory policy frameworks also a growing worry within the EU fruit sector as the bloc's post-2027 agricultural policy framework draws closer. Industry representatives fear proposed decentralization "will result in different rules in the various member states," potentially fragmenting the single market, according to the USDA's summary of conference discussions.
Pear output stable
On pears, USDA documented a modest 1.4% production recovery to 1.79 million tonnes, though this remains well below historical averages. The report noted a concerning trend in consumption, which has declined 28% since 2020, with pears "least popular with young singles" as consumers shift toward other produce categories.
Meanwhile, Germany's backyard apple production, estimated at 450,000 tonnes, is expected to be average and "should not put pressure on the market," the report added, another factor potentially supporting commercial prices.
